FAQ
VM location on disk¶
Tart stores all its files in ~/.tart/ directory. Local images that you can run are stored in ~/.tart/vms/.
Remote images are pulled into ~/.tart/cache/OCIs/.
Nested virtualization support?¶
Tart is limited by functionality of Apple's Virtualization.Framework. At the moment Virtualization.Framework
doesn't support nested virtualization.
Connecting to a service running on host¶
To connect from within a virtual machine to a service running on the host machine
please first make sure that the service is bound to 0.0.0.0.
Then from within a virtual machine you can access the service using the router's IP address that you can get either from Preferences -> Network
or by running the following command in the Terminal:
Note: that accessing host is only possible with the default NAT network. If you are running your virtual machines with
Softnet (via tart run --net-softnet <VM NAME>), then the network isolation
is stricter and it's not possible to access the host.
Changing the default NAT subnet¶
To change the default network to 192.168.77.1:
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.vmnet.plist Shared_Net_Address -string 192.168.77.1
Note that even through a network would normally be specified as 192.168.77.0, the vmnet framework seems to treat this as a starting address too and refuses to pick up such network-like values.
The default subnet mask 255.255.255.0 should suffice for most use-cases, however, you can also change it to 255.255.0.0, for example:
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.vmnet.plist Shared_Net_Mask -string 255.255.0.0
Changing the default DHCP lease time¶
By default, the built-in macOS DHCP server allocates IP-addresses to the VMs for the duration of 86,400 seconds (one day), which may easily cause DHCP exhaustion if you run more than ~253 VMs per day, or in other words, more than one VM every ~6 minutes.
This issue is worked around automatically when using Softnet, however, if you don't use or can't use it, the following command will reduce the lease time from the default 86,400 seconds (one day) to 600 seconds (10 minutes):
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.InternetSharing.default.plist bootpd -dict DHCPLeaseTimeSecs -int 600
This tweak persists across reboots, so normally you'll only need to do it once per new host.
If that doesn't help after starting a new VM, it's possible that the /var/db/dhcpd_leases file is already overfilled with 86,400-second leases. You can remove it with the following command and try starting a new VM again:
And no worries, this file will be re-created on the next tart run.
Running login/clone/pull/push commands over SSH¶
When invoking the Tart in an SSH session, you might get error like this:
Keychain returned unsuccessful status -25308
...or this:
Keychain failed to update item: User interaction is not allowed.
This is because Tart uses Keychain to store and retrieve OCI registry credentials by default, but Keychain is only automatically/semi-automatically unlocked in GUI sessions.
To unlock the Keychain in an SSH session, run the following command, which will ask for your user's password:
This command also supports the -p command-line argument that allows you to supply the password and unlock non-interactively, which is great for scripts.
If that doesn't work for you for some reason, you can pass the credentials via the environment variables, see Registry Authorization for more details on how to do that.
How Tart is different from Anka?¶
Under the hood Tart is using the same technology as Anka 3.0 so there should be no real difference in performance or features supported. If there is some feature missing please don't hesitate to create a feature request.
Instead of Anka Registry, Tart can work with any OCI-compatible container registry. This provides a much more consistent and scalable experience for distributing virtual machines.
Tart does have an analogue of Anka Controller for managing VMs across a cluster of Mac hosts called Orchard.
Automatic pruning¶
tart pull and tart clone commands check the remaining space available on the volume associated with TART_HOME directory (defaults to ~/.tart) before pulling or cloning anything.
In case there's not enough space to fit the newly pulled or cloned VM image, Tart will remove the least recently accessed VMs from OCI cache and .ipsw files from IPSW cache until enough free space is available.
To disable this functionality, set the TART_NO_AUTO_PRUNE environment variable either globally:
...or per tart pull and tart clone invocation as follows: